传统诊断在高级轿车维修中的应用

无颜 · 发表于 2012-9-15 22:36:41

所谓的传统诊断，就是不用任何的表、设备，对车辆故障进行人工诊断的方法。在汽车维修中最常用的直接诊断方法有“看、闻、听、问、试”，这些方法在国内汽车维修方面积累的经验还是比较丰富的。高级轿车保有量虽正大幅度增加，但部分维修的仪器及检测设备尚不能监测到位，给车辆故障诊断带来很大困难，以至于造成误判。因此，充分利用成熟的维修经验也是非常必要的。

1．通过“看”发现车辆的使用状况

(1)检查仪表板上故障灯的亮或熄，可判断是电控系统的故障，还是机械系统的故障。例如一辆富康988Ex—1轿车怠速抖动，加速性能不良，油耗大，仪表灯显示正常。通过检查发现，其空气流量导流网积尘，清洗后加速性能恢复正常。

(2)常规的“五油、三液、一媒”的检查不可忽视，即对透平油、机油、自动变速器油、转向助力油、齿轮油、制动液、冷却液，刮水清洗液以及冷媒的检查。绝大部分高级轿车上仪表灯全部用英文显示，如wash fluid灯亮，应检查清洗液和储存器内液面，添加后即可消除该警报灯亮。如一辆奥迪A62．8L轿车ABS灯点亮，似乎是一个大的故障，车主急忙赶往奥迪A6维修中心检修，经检查发现就是制动液容器内的液体低于警戒线，补充完制动液后故障排除，解决起来多么简单。

(3)通过车用零件液体的品质，来判断故障。一辆广州本田车雅阁7230轿车的自动变速器油液变紫，而且有少量的混蚀物，此时行车中动力不足，起速过慢。因此根据油液的颜色可断定故障的原因是自动变速器的故障而不是发动机动力不足，拆油底壳，检查证明判断是正确的。

(4)检查线路也一样重要。一辆雪铁龙轿车左前轮不升也不降，而其他三轮传动正常。检查发现该车左前空气弹簧减振器排气阀线断开，接通线路后左前轮活动恢复正常。在看的过程应该仔细地看，认真地看，结合分析地看，而不是走马观花，这样才能达到事半功倍的效果。

2．对车主或驾驶员进行故障产生前和故障产生后车辆情况的查问

驾驶员对自己驾驶的车辆情况最了解，是判断故障的第一手资料。一般高级轿车驾驶员对车辆的重视程度甚高，一点点微小的变化，他都会到修理厂查询，这一点是可以理解的，所以说他们提供的情况是重要的。如一辆北京切诺基4．0L吉普车，加速性能差，并且起动困难、耗油量大、排气管冒黑烟。通过询问得知，该车己运行12万km，除进行机油和三滤维护外，没有进行过其他的项目作业；该故障从出现至今已行驶1万km，故障不断加重，排气冒黑烟更严重，因此断定火花塞间隙太大，拆检发现两电极间隙接近2．5mm，更换火花塞后，故障排除。

又如一辆林肯大陆轿车，加速性能很差，经询问驾驶员得知，是由于更换火花塞后所引起的。拆下火花塞观其型号也符合要求，断定其点火顺序搞错，更正后，行驶正常。

再如，一辆奔驰560ES轿车，在更换火花塞后不易起动。经询问，装用的火花塞间隙与普通火花塞的间隙相同，更正后，起动正常。

总之，上述都是一些特例，也并不是说通过“问”可以完全得到正确的依据。由于驾驶员的资历、经验以及对车辆、性能的掌握处于不同层次，因此在“问”时，要寻找关键、重要的现象询问，并且对驾驶员的回答要能去伪存真。这一点对维修人员来说是很困难的，关键在于对车辆结构、性能是否理解透彻。这就需要维修人员平时对理论知识和实践经验的积累，只有具备了这一点，“问”的重要性才能得以充分体现。

3．利用“闻”来判断故障点

通过对油液的“闻”可知油液的品质及该系统基本的工作情况，通过对发动机的排放气体的闻，可以感觉发动机的工作情况，从而为故障判断提供指导。如一辆桑塔纳2000GSi轿车，怠速不稳，且急加速抖动严重。通过对排放气体气味的分析，认为是高压线有时断火，更换后，故障排除“闻”在维修中比其他手段用得相对较少，但并不是说它不重要，运用恰当在故障判断上可以让我们少走许多弯路。

4．“听”这也是维修人员常用的技能

最常听的一句话是“某某的水平真高，坐在大门口，车辆从他旁边经过就知道毛病在哪儿”。此话虽有些夸张，这也显示了维修中听的重要性。听，首先要弄清故障的部位，分清响声的类型，况且现在的故障分析中，最多的是机械故障，所以说“听功”是维修人员的基本功。如果找不准故障部位，维修中就会走许多弯路，浪费人力、物力和财力。如果是发动机故障，就不能判为是自动变速器故障。如一辆上海帕萨特轿车热车后有轻微的响声，由于该车搭载的是自动变速器，无法用踩下离合器踏板的方法来判断故障的部位。经过听诊，最后拆检发现6缸连杆轴承间隙过大造成发动机异响。

一个成熟的维修人员，应该认真总结各种响声的特性，如连续性响与间断性响、脆响与闷响、有规则与无规则响等，判断出响声，是学习一些特殊结构所必须的，掌握好它是很实用的。比如不能对装备空气悬挂的车辆谈减振器泄油，对装备自动变速器的车辆不能谈手动挡的离合器。通过对听的经验不断积累，可以把已有的理论上升为一种实际的技能，自己的水平才能得到不断提高。

5．试车

以前的维修人员，只从事修理，对车辆维修和修竣后情况没有一个感性认识，对故障的认识深度不够，对故障的判断准确性差。试车应该成为维修人员的基本技能。通过试车可以学到许多书本上没有的知识。如自动变速器的维修，在修竣后无负荷运转正常，有负荷时很可能挂挡后车辆不能行驶、高速断火与换挡发闯，制动时方向发抖等，如没有切身的感觉，就会使故障的判断蒙上一层面纱，造成判断故障时的犹豫和不肯定。因此，试车可以给我们的维修工作带来灵感，加快对故障的排除。

以上方法不是独立的，综合应用的效果肯定会让你在维修、判断故障方面走在别人的前列，成为维修高级轿车的行家。

48004925 · 发表于 2012-9-17 02:58:30

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U.S. President George Bush and President-elect Barack Obama have vowed to make their White House transition as smooth and cordial as possible. But there appear to be tensions on the vice-presidential level. Those frictions were on display Sunday on national television as Vice President Dick Cheney and Vice President-elect Joe Biden sparred in separate interviews.
President Bush and Vice-president Cheney have said those briefings made them well aware of the extent of the threat facing the United States and the need for a strong executive. Biden said he views the evidence differently.
Biden said his approach to the vice-presidency will be more restrained. Cheney said he has every right to do so.
By Paula Wolfson
Washington
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Vice President Dick Cheney
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"If he wants to diminish the office of vice president,www.maillotsdefootemagasin.com, that is obviously his call," said Cheney. "I think that President-Elect Obama will decide what he wants in a vice president. And apparently, from the way they are talking about it,air jordan pas cher, he does not expect him to have as consequential a role as I have had during my time."
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