燃油表故障检修一例

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          So you're thinking about trying cichlids. A good choice. In this article I shall try to give a few examples of good cichlid aquariums that are suitable for beginners. I've tried to suggest set-ups that will be beautiful and easy to maintain,sac longchamp, and species that are easily bred so that you might observe this fascinating side of cichlid behaviour.

          This article targets those who haven't that much experience with aquariums in general and cichlids in particular. If you are a more experienced aquarist who is just new to cichlids these set-ups will still be good,abercrombie france, and you have a lot of other options as well since you are probably capable of keeping more sensitive species than those suggested in this article.

          Aquarium:

          It is possible to keep some cichlids,jordan pas cher, such as Lamprologus ocellatus,franklin marshall, in very small aquariums. However,sac longchamp pas cher, for your first cichlid aquarium I would recommend a larger aquarium of no less than 30 gallons/120 L. There are several reasons for this:

          - A larger aquarium is easier to maintain and easier to keep in good condition.

          - Cichlids are aggressive. Some cichlids are much more aggressive than others,louboutin, but almost all cichlids are aggressive and a larger aquarium makes it easier for weaker fish to avoid this hostility.

          - Cichlid behaviour is usually more interesting if you can keep more than one isolated pair in an aquarium. For example this may allow you to see the parents guarding their young.

          Water conditions:

          Which water conditions you should have depends on which cichlids you want to keep since their preferences differ greatly. For your first aquarium I recommend keeping species that are less sensitive to water conditions,giubbotti moncler, and if you choose to try the species I recommend in this article you normally won't have to think about water conditions. I don't recommend keeping cichlids from the great African lakes as your first cichlids if you are an inexperienced aquarist,louboutin, since they have more specialised demands.

          Feeding:

          The cichlids I recommend accept all kind of food,burberry, however I would recommend giving them a diverse diet consisting of pellets/flakes, frozen food and occasional live food.

          Species:

          Now to the fun part: choosing fish species to your new aquarium. I will give three examples of possible aquariums. The first one has its origin in African rivers and is more friendly,abercrombie, while the second one features cichlids from Central America. I will also give a suggestion for a composition that has its origins in the Amazon. However this composition is a little bit harder to get to breed and requires a larger aquarium. I would recommend at least 50 gallon/ 200 L.

          1. African cichlid aquarium (30 gallons)
1 pair of kribs (Pelvicachromis pulcher)
1 pair of African butterfly cichlids (Anomalochromis thomasi)
1 pair of Egyptian mouth-brooders (Pseudocrenilabrus multicolor)
4 Ancistrus (plecos)

          2. Central American aquarium (30 gallons):
1 pair of Archocentrus sajica (T-Bar cichlid)
1 pair of convicts (Archocentrus nigrofasciatus)
2 Hypostomus (plecos)

          3. Amazon aquarium (50 gallons):
4 angelfish ( Pterophyllum scalare)
1 pair of Aequidens curviceps
1 pair of Aequidens maronii (Keyhole cichlid)
6 Ancistrus (plecos)

          Tank set-ups:

          1. African cichlid aquarium

          All of these species are relatively friendly and have different behaviours that will reduce stress between the different pairs. These species prefer a well planted aquarium and leave your plants alone so that you can use all sorts of plants. They also require hiding and spawning places. Kribs spawn in caves which can be created using roots, rocks and flowerpots. A. Thomasi spawns on flat surfaces such as rocks. You will have to leave free areas without plants and rocks to create swimming space and allow you to see your fish more often. Use fine sand as this promotes spawning of Egyptian mouth-brooders. If you just keep the aquarium clean and your fish well fed they will thrive and spawn in this aquarium. If you find your aquarium a little empty you can add some small schooling fish such as tetras to the upper water levels.

          2. Central American aquarium

          The species in this set-up are more aggressive,piumini monlcer, which explains why I only recommend keeping two species in this tank. Both species lay their eggs on rocks so caves aren't that necessary,air jordan, but I would still recommended that you create a few as hiding places as these species can be quite aggressive. This is especially true when they are spawning and caring for their young. A sajica usually leaves your plants alone,louboutin pas cher, but convicts often eat plants,air jordan, so I recommend using more hardy plants such as sword plants, anubias and Java ferns if you want to use plants. Whether to keep plants or not is completely up to the aquarist. The cichlids will thrive with or without plants as long as you provide a few hiding places. Both species are very easy to breed and it is almost impossible to keep convicts from spawning. It can be very hard to find new homes for the fry,louboutin pas cher, so I recommend letting the parents keep their young and see if any survive. In this aquarium some usually will.

          3. Amazon aquarium

          As I said earlier, it is preferable for this aquarium to be at least 50 gallons since these fish get a little bigger. Angelfish shouldn't be kept in aquariums that are less than 50 cm/ 20 inches high. These species are still easy to care for but require a little more from their keeper to spawn. The aquarium should be well planted with free areas for the fish to swim in. Use large sword plants or cryptocoryne species to give the angels what they need to spawn. The other species requires roots or rocks to spawn on. Caves are not necessary but preferable,sac lancel, especially for A. curviceps. If you find this aquarium a little empty you might add some free-swimming schooling fish to the aquarium. Never use neon tetras with angelfish, as angelfish like to eat them. The same is true for a number of other small tetras. If you keep the water clean and the fish well fed they will thrive and with a little bit of luck,burberry soldes, spawn.

          Final words

          I have given just a few suggestions for possible cichlid aquariums (there are a lot more) and when you get a little more experience with cichlids the possibilities are countless. Cichlids are very interesting and often beautiful fishes and many of them are quite simple to keep. These are only a few of the reasons behind their popularity. Try them,lancel, you won't regret it,chaussure jordan!

          About The Author

          Article by William Berg originally published at Aquatic community tropical fish.

          Article may be reproduce as long as it is not edited and a live link to  is placed in the article header. (java links and PHP links are not allowed) Include this resource box ?s is with live links?on the bottom of the page.

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      有一辆96款日产风度轿车，故障症状是开小灯时燃油表指针往下走，而且走得比E(低点）还低。

故障诊断：对于这起故障，在检修燃油表之前，首先检查燃油箱里存储的燃油数量，结果油箱里大约还有l0L左右的燃油。该车的燃油表是指针式的，将点火开关置于0N位置，指针大约指在10L的位置上，指针所指位置与油箱内所剩燃油数量相一致。反复操作钥匙点火开关，每次指针都在相同的位置上，似乎没有什么异常。可此时用户反映，白天没有什么不好，到了晚上一开小灯，指在1／3左右的指针，开始往下来，一直到超过E90。

     指针式燃油表的四个励磁线圈在空间上两两相差90度。燃油箱中的中心量规的电阻值随燃油量变化而变化。由于中心量规电阻值的变化，四个线圈的励磁量产生变化，磁力推动燃油表转子旋转一个适当的角度。当磁力消失之后(即点火开关关闭)，因为转子在硅油里，所以指针就停在那个位置上。

    利用电路图为基础分析，燃油中心量规电阻值变到最小值时，燃油表指针应该升到F位置(最高)，因为此时线圈里的电流最大。然而实际情况是燃油表指针降到比E更低的位置，而中心量规的电阻值应该比E位置时的电阻值大，这一点非常可疑。

        实际测量电阻值，F位置是6欧姆，E位置是80欧姆，并没有异常，这样一来，应该只与开小灯有关，而与燃油中心量规无关。因此在A点测量励磁线圈电压，对点火开关和小灯开关的各种组合状态的实测电压值如表所示。从此表上可以看得出来，本来应该与小灯开关毫无关系的A点电压，在油箱里有10L油时应该为4V，但是小灯开关一合，A点电压就莫明其妙地升高了。

       不顾燃油中心量规电阻值毫无变化这一事实，A点电压升高是什么原因呢？电源电压升高以乎不能成立，因为即使断开点火开关，A点电压还高。从某一处接入电源的可能性极大，于是在仪表板部位检修照明灯，却没发现什么问题。

      此外，有可能产生问题的部位，就是从驾驶座到油箱这一段导线。把万用表接在A点，沿着导线束的走向从燃油箱到构架不断地敲击导线束，在构架的斜坡上敲击时“啪”的一声，万用表电压降了下来。故障在驾驶座下面的发动机室附近。慎重检查导线束，突然冒出了白烟，马上就发现了故障部位。原来是导线夹子与导线束摩擦，把导线的绝缘皮磨破了。为此，A点电压上升，通常电流是从燃油表流向A点的，现在则相反，电流是从A点流入线圈的。由于磁力荷接地，线圈里的反向电流更大，因此指针继续往下来。

    总结此故障，不管汽油车还是柴油车，都要装导线束夹子，构造其实都一样。但是柴油车振动比汽油车大，碰到此类故障时，更应该作为重点考虑。

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